Effect of Alzheimer Disease on Communication Channels Free Sample

Question: Select a Condition where communication is Impaired and Examine and describe how this Condition Effects Communication Channels. Answer: Alzheimers and Communication Alzheimers disease is a chronic progressive degenerative condition which often causes deterioration in cognitive function beyond what is expected during normal ageing. The condition often starts slowly and progressively worsens with time (Burns Iliffe, 2009). The most common early symptom of the condition is short-term memory loss, which eventually develops into dementia in 60 to 70% of the cases. In later stages of the disease, the affected present with problems with language, behavioural issues, disorientation and mood swings (World Health Organization, 2015; Burns Iliffe, 2009). This progressive deterioration often leads to withdrawal. In the long run, bodily functions are lost and this leads to death within three to nine years following diagnosis (Todd, et al., 2013). The cause of the condition is poorly understood. A greater risk is attributed to a genetic issue involving several genes (Ballard, et al., 2011). Whereas other risk factors are a history of either hypertension, depression or head injuries (Burns Iliffe, 2009). According to Ballard et al., (2010), the disease process is characterised with plaques and tangles in the brain. This causes the destruction of brain tissue areas responsible for the sending, receiving and processing of messages. Persons suffering from the condition increasingly rely on caretakers for assistance through the progression of the disease. Effect of Alzheimers on communication channels Despite the differences in presentation in the three stages of the condition, all persons with the condition experience some focal language disorders which impact specific language functions while not affecting memory and intellect functions (Frank, 1994). Further on, Frank (1994) claims that communication in Alzheimer's goes through 3 phases. Communication deficits in the first phase are basically in the context area of lexical access and refined conversation skills. The second phase is characterised by increased difficulty in content areas (including a decline in memory function, and increased difficulty in concept formation). The third phase involves all of the presentations of the last two phases but the presentation may be more severe in terms of memory and intellectual deficits (Egan, et al., 2010). In mild Alzheimers the patient can participate in meaningful conversations but may repeat the details, they may also be unable to find the right words, may substitute an incorrect word, or may not find any word completely. In moderate Alzheimers the patient has difficulty in communication evidenced by losing more words, thinking longer before expressing themselves, loses spontaneity, and the vocabulary gets limited. Whereas in severe Alzheimers the patient may rely on non-verbal communication (vocal sounds or facial expressions) as they often tend to lose the capacity for recognisable speech (Alzheimer's Asscociation, 2016; Alzheimer's Society of Canada, 2016). The Role of a Speech Therapistin Alzheimers Speech therapists play a central role in screening, assessing, diagnosing and treating persons with Alzheimers and other forms of dementia (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2016). A speech therapist is involved in both the management of communication, cognitive and swallowing deficits. Speech therapists help the patient function at the best level through the remainder of the course of the disease. The goal of intervention by speech therapists in the case of Alzheimer's is not rehabilitative but rather facilitative or palliative (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2016). Specialists specifically attend to the cognitive aspects of communication, which include memory, attention, executive functioning and problem-solving. Speech therapists help the patient to preserve communication and cognitive functioning for the longest time possible. To achieve this, a speech therapist may have to develop alternative communication strategies that will help the patient voice their wants and needs in an effective way. The goal is to allow the patient use the abilities that they are in possession within their interaction with caregivers, family, and friends. Strategies Used by Nurse to Facilitate Communication with an Alzheimers Patient Some of the strategies adopted include the use of written cues to facilitate memory recall, use of memory blocks to help the patient remember details about his/herself and training caregivers and family members of strategies for better communication with the patient (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2016). According to the recommendations of the Alzheimers Society, to facilitate communication between the nurse and the patient, approach them from the front, use names carefully, use body language and tone of voice carefully, avoid patronising them, minimise competing noise and also allow them to retain control through the conversation. To encourage verbal feedback, some of the suggested strategies include giving the patients simple choices, use of objects and pictures, reducing the amount of information being conveyed, giving them time to respond, rephrase questions when necessary, and also tr y to know as much as possible about the patient beforehand (Alzheimer's Society, 2016). References Alzheimer's Asscociation, 2016. Tips for successful Communicaion. Massachusetts: The Alzheimers Association. Alzheimer's Society of Canada, 2016. Day to Day Series - Communications, Ontario: Alzheimer Society of Canada. Alzheimer's Society, 2016. Communicating and language. [Online] Available at: https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/info/20064/symptoms/90/communicating_and_language/4 [Accessed 3 April 2017]. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2016. Dementia. [Online] Available at: https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/dementia/ [Accessed 3 April 2017]. Ballard, C. et al., 2011. Alzheimer's disease.. Lancet, 377(9770), pp. 1019-31. Burns, A. Iliffe, S., 2009. Alzheimers disease. The BMJ, Volume 338, p. b158. Egan, M. et al., 2010. Methods to Enhance Verbal Communication between Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease and Their Formal and Informal Caregivers: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, p. 906818. Frank, E. M., 1994. Effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication function.. Journal of The South Carolina Medical Association, 90(9), pp. 417-23. Todd, S., Barr, S., Roberts, M. Passmore, A. P., 2013. Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(11), p. 11091124. World Health Organization, 2015. Dementia Fact sheet N362. [Online] Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20150318030901/https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en [Accessed 3 April 2017].

Criminal Rehabilitation free essay sample

Prison is just a place where criminals get a good spanking and endless lectures on behavior until they can learn how to be righteous. In colonial America, criminals were treated in much the same way as they were in England at that time, with punishments ranging from lashings, confinement in stocks, and public brandings for minor offenses to hanging for more serious crimes-including theft (Wright, 2007). Many people are surprised to learn that the use of prisons as a form of punishment and rehabilitation was an American innovation (Farabee, 2005). On average, incarceration costs about $22,000 per year: to lock someone away for ten years costs, on average, about $220, 000; a shorter sentence with emphasis on re-education and rehabilitation would be cheaper and more effective (Fauteck, 2006). Rehabilitation seems like a good method that can help inmates get a new lease on life, and become good productive citizens. Criminal rehabilitation works to reduce criminal recidivism, and it’s a cost-efficient form of crime prevention (Fauteck, 2006). Rehabilitation is often theorized as an approach distinct from reform: that is, as a particular style of correctional intervention and a product or correlate of a particular historical context (Raynor Robinson, 2005). American prisons have been charged with the responsibility of accomplishing a nearly impossible task: the transformation of convicted felons, including society’s most violent and recalcitrant criminals, into law-abiding citizens (Wright, 2007). Isolation from social connections with economic value further embeds offenders within a criminal social world (in prison and again on the street), which has long-term effects on inmates’ ability to integrate into mainstream communities; no matter how progressive prison-based vocational training courses seem to be, the American system of correctional â€Å"isolation† cannot accomplish, to a significant degree, its goal of offender rehabilitation and community integration (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). Rehabilitation also ensures that inmates are socially well adjusted (Wright, 2007). Prisons are exceedingly difficult places in which to provide treatment (Farabee, 2005). Under rehabilitation, incapacitation effects also would occur (as well as general deterrent effects because offender would receive a state sanction) (Fauteck, 2006). There is growing evidence that imprisonment is related to higher levels of recidivism (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). Set of studies demonstrates that control-oriented intensive supervision, scared straight, and boot camp programs have no overall impact on recidivism (Fauteck, 2006). One of the reasons why these interventions fail, it’s because they are based on a limited theory of crime (rational choice) and do not target the known proximate risk factors for re-offending (Andrews and Bonta, 2006). Scholars has been working to document that rehabilitation programs can be effective (Wright, 2007). Through the use of meta-analyses that survey the studies in this area, they show that rehabilitation programs achieve meaningful reductions in recidivism (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). Rehabilitation for the benefit of potential victims Current models of rehabilitation, those based on social learning theory and often delivered through ‘programmes’, aim to empower offenders to take more control of their lives and behavior and to make more pro-social choices by helping them to learn necessary skills such as listening and communication, crucial and creative thinking, problem-solving, self-management and self-control (Fauteck, 2006). Rehabilitation is advocated on the grounds that it is better for both the offenders and society because it can reduce further offending and victimizations (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). This primacy accorded to public safety is described by Garland as a shift in the justification of rehabilitation: the emphasis, he argues, has moved from the benefit to the offender towards the benefit to potential future victims-it is for their sake that rehabilitation is attempted (Garland, 2001). Rehabilitation for the benefit of communities Rehabilitation is often characterized as a â€Å"liberal idea† because it endorses â€Å"going easy† on offenders, and yet the public supports it; Americans favor a balanced approach, one that exacts a measure of justice, protects the public against serious offenders, and makes every effort to change offenders while they are within the grasp of the state (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). State-obligated rehabilitation is based on the rights that offenders share with other citizens even after they have offended; communitarian approaches to rehabilitation recognize that offenders mostly belong to communities, and that their memberships and affiliations need to continue, or to be repaired, if they are to be reintegrated into normal membership of communities Garland, 2001). Such approaches are associated particularly with advocates of restorative justice who believe that re-integrative processes can help offenders to atone for or make reparation for their offenses at the same time as helping offenders and victims to acknowledge the wrong and to learn something of each other (Braithwaite, 1989). A related approach to rehabilitation is also emerging, known as a ‘strengths-based’ approach which justifies rehabilitation on the basis of the contribution the rehabilitated offender can make to the community, and the community’s need for this contribution; ‘strengths-based and restorative approaches ask not what a person’s deficits are, but rather what positive contribution the person can make (Andrews Bonta, 1994). REHABILITATION PROGRAMS Basic criminal rehabilitation programs ensure that there is a standard level of literacy amongst the inmates. We know that treatment can be successful in reducing criminal behavior, but we have to have better knowledge as to what are the effective treatment ingredients. No matter how well a program is designed, its effectiveness ultimately depends on how well it is implemented (Farabee, 2005). The alchemy between the perceived urgency of reversing existing crime trends and the promise of effective rehabilitation programs has fueled the public’s desire for non-punitive, rehabilitative responses to crime (Farabee, 2005). In order to analyze the effectiveness of criminal rehabilitation programs, we have to define and understand the meaning of programs in terms of rehabilitating offenders. The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary defines program as â€Å"a plan or system under which action may be taken toward a goal† (Merrian-Webster Dictionary, 2002). If the term program is put into context with criminal rehabilitation, it is treatment designed for the specific goal of reducing recidivism. Not all offender programs are ineffective; some have positive results (Farabee, 2005). An effective treatment program must be able to differentiate offenders in their risk to re-offend and then match their risk to level of service (Andrews Bonta, 1994). Higher risk offenders require more intensive services while the lower risk offenders require very little or no services (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). Criminogenic needs are the offender needs that when changed, are associated with changes in recidivism, for example, substance abuse and employment problems are riminogenic needs that relate to anxiety and self-esteem; decreasing anxiety or increasing self-esteem is likely to impact future criminal behavior (Andrews Bonta, 1994). Rehabilitation programs that target characteristics that do not cause crime and operate at low intensity with poorly trained staff cannot be expected to have a lasting, positive impact on the offenders who pass through them (Farabee, 2005). In recent years, researchers have largely agreed that rehabilitation could work and identified an array o f effective treatment practices and strategies (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). One major concern among most correctional agencies and policymakers is whether program outcomes can be translated into monetary savings to justify the investment already made and additional spending in the future (Lipton, 1998). Many researchers operated on the assumption that effective correctional programs should improve the social functioning of participating offenders; thus the focus of most studies was to assess whether the anticipated effects existed; and if so, in what form (Andrews Bonta, 1994). Prison-Based vs Community-Based Treatment From 1995 to 2002 the nation’s state prisons population increased by 27%, and the nation’s federal prison population increased by 71% (Ashley, Marsden, Brady, 2003). The growth in the nation’s prison population largely has been due to the increased use of incarceration for drug-related offenses, which also has created an increased demand for appropriate drug treatment programs for men and women within prison settings (Ashley, Marsden, Brady, 2003). Inmate programs have a very positive impact on a correctional facility as well as the individual offenders; learning to read and write, completing a high school equivalency degree, becoming involved in a trade course, and participating in a comprehensive drug program are all important opportunities to offer a convicted offender (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). The therapeutic community (TC) treatment model has been shown to be an effective method of substance abuse treatment, as well as many other TC programs that have been incorporated into American prisons over the past two decades (Bloom, Owen, Covington, 2003). Fairly consistent findings from prison-based treatment evaluations for men have been reported: treatment reduces post-treatment recidivism and drug use; men who continue treatment in the community after release from prison do better than men who do not continue treatment; and length of time in treatment is positively correlated with greater success on parole (Deleon, 2000). Two studies found that women in prison-based treatment had more success on parole compared with a no-treatment group of female inmates (Harrison Beck, 2003). There is substantial evidence empirical evidence that institution programs reduce recidivism (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). Prison-based criminal rehabilitation programs have been found out to be effective in reducing violence and drug use inside the prison Farabee, 2005 A study found that men and women who completed residential treatment followed by outpatient treatment had substantial reductions in drug use and arrests and increased employment, but had a particularly beneficial impact on women (Peters, Strozier, Murrin Kearns, 1997). Numerous intervening issues (racial isolation, low level of education or valuable job skills, positive or negative experiences with the job market, low-risk alternatives to low-paying employment) confuse the unemployment-crime relationship, especially at the individual level of decision making (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). Swelling prison populations and high rates of re-incarceration among parolees stimulated many questions about the potential benefits of committing more public resources to community-based rehabilitation programs (Lipton, 1998). Over the past several years, some states began to commit more resources to community-based correctional services-a movement that stimulated and reinforced interest in program evaluations (Bernfeld, Farrington, Leschied, 2001). Community-based corrections, such as community-based probation centers, offer treatment, and try to create positive changes in offenders’ lives through family and community intervention (Strickland, 2004). Substance Abuse Treatment Chronic drug abusers comprise a large proportion of the inmate population, thus, high rates of recidivism have been linked to continued drug use upon release to the community (Bernfeld, Farrington, Leschied, 2001). Approximately 80% of offenders have used drugs prior to incarceration, and by the time most offenders in the US reach prison, they have been detoxed (Second Chance Program). Many correctional facilities offer alcohol and drug treatment programs for prisoners with histories of addiction; participation in such programs generally requires offenders to identify, hallenge, and attempt to change their frame of mind and behavioral patterns that have led them to their addictive lifestyle (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). A new study finds that providing treatment for substance use disorders to incarcerated individuals reduces the likelihood that they will commit a crime after their release and can be a cost-effective benefit to society (jointogether. org). Research has shown that combi ning criminal justice sanctions with drug treatment can be effective in decreasing drug use and related crime (National Institute on Drug Abuse). National figures indicate that while 80 percent of prison inmates have serious alcohol or drug problems, only 15 percent receive treatment for their substance abuse problems (jointogether. org). Researchers said the findings demonstrate a need to invest in prison-based treatment programs, which showed that untreated drug dependent offenders are likely to return to criminal behavior following release from prison and are responsible for an excessive amount of violent and property crime (jointogether. org). The criminal justice refers drug offenders into treatment through a variety of mechanisms, such as diverting nonviolent offenders to treatment, stipulating treatment as a condition of probation or pretrial release, and convening specialized courts that handle cases for offenses involving drugs (Bernfeld, Farrington, Leschied, 2001). Combining prison-and community-based treatment for drug-addicted offenders reduces the risk of both recidivism to drug-related criminal behavior and relapse to drug use (Deleon, 2000). For those with known drug problems, drug addiction treatment may be recommended or mandated as a condition of probation (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Offenders with drug disorders may encounter a number of treatment options while incarcerated, including didactic drug education classes, self-help programs, and treatment based on therapeutic community or residential milieu therapy models (Farabee, 2005). Among prison-based substance abuse treatment programs, the most commonly evaluated is the therapeutic community (TC). The goal of a TC is to â€Å"habilitate† clients in a holistic fashion, emphasizing personal responsibility; rather than attempting to change offenders through counselor-led, didactic presentations; TC’s rely primarily on the residents themselves to effect change on the individual (Bloom, Owen, Covington, 2003). The TC model has been studied extensively and can be quite effective in reducing drug use and recidivism to criminal behavior (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Research shows that relapse to drug use and recidivism to crime are significantly lower if the drug offender continues treatment after returning to the community (Deleon, 2000). Treatment for incarcerated drug abusers must include continuing care, monitoring, and supervision after release and ruing parole (Bloom, Owen, Covington, 2003). Mental Health Treatment Today society continues to face the challenge of providing proper care for offenders with mental disorders within the growing population of persons under the jurisdiction of the correctional system in the United States (Harris, Trupin, Wood, 1998). Between 1980 and 1995, the number of people incarcerated in jails and prisons more than tripled, increasing from 501,886 to 1,577,845; the incarceration rate also nearly tripled during that time, from about 150 per 100,000 persons in 1980 to more than 400 per 100,000 in 1995 (Farabee, 2005). The rate of mental illness is two to three times higher among those incarcerated in jails and in prisons, than within the general population; a disproportionate number of persons with mental illness are arrested, compared with the general population (Lamb Weinberger, 1998). A recent study found that the offenders with mental illness had a rate of recidivism equivalent to that of a matched control group of non-mentally-ill offenders (Fauteck, 2006). Another study recently reported that the introduction of case management services led to a significant decrease in the recidivism rate of offenders with mental illness, yet another demonstrated that judicially monitored treatment resulted in good outcomes during a one-year follow-up phase (Lamb Weinberger, 1998). Offenders with mental illness are highly likely to have ongoing contact with the criminal justice and correctional systems and that clinical intervention may affect their recidivism rate (Farabee, 2005). To effectively serve this population of mentally ill offenders, a collaborative and proactive approach involving mental health care providers and corrections personnel are clearly needed (Wright, 2007). Community-Based Sexual-Offender Treatment Community-based sexual-offender treatment is a relatively recent innovation largely prompted by recommendations made in response to tragic re-offenses in the community in the last ten years (Bernfeld, Farrington Leschied, 2001). Almost all offenders designated as dangerous offenders are sexual offenders, most of whom have histories of multiple sexual offenses (US Department of Justice, 1998). Within the criminal justice system particularly, high-risk sex offenders are unlikely to achieve conditional release (i. e. , community supervision prior to the end of their sentence) due to the influence of a number of processes (Farabee, 2005). Education Education is one of the ways that can help inmates spent their time in incarceration productively, changing some of their critical aspect of personality. Education is one of the way s in which positive change can be affected among these inmates. Since state prison inmates have an average of eleven years of education, it seems reasonable to assume that providing them with adult basic education will increase their chances of finding employment upon release and, in turn, reduce their likelihood of returning to crime; it also ensures that there is propensity for ex-convicts to return to a life of crime is less, as they are able to secure jobs after their release (Wright, 2007). The NDRI meta-analysis examined the effects of college coursework on recidivism (Farabee, 2005). Education allows offenders to improve and stay relevant to the changing society outside the prison walls. A number of criminal justice alternatives to incarceration have been tried with offenders who have drug disorders, including limited diversion programs, pretrial release conditional on entry into treatment, and conditional probation with sanctions (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Drug courts mandate and arrange for drug addiction treatment, actively monitor progress in treatment, and arrange for other services to drug-involved offenders (Raynor Robinson, 2005). The Treatment Accountability and Safer Communities (TASC) program provides an alternative to incarceration by addressing the multiple needs of drug-addicted offenders in a community-based setting; TASC programs typically include counseling, medical care, parenting instruction, family counseling, school and job training and legal and employment services (Farabee, 2005). Employment While few of us would support a policy that gives offenders jobs, most would agree that providing inmates with the skills and experience they need to ind a job upon release makes sense. Based on a study by Lattimore, Witte, and Baker, inmates assigned to a vocational program were less likely (36 percent) than those in the control group (46 percent) to be re-arrested within two years of release, but by and large most of the more rigorous studies produced mixed results, showing either no significant difference between groups or in at least two studies, slightly higher recidivism among those who received vocati onal education (Garland, 2001). Even though correctional agencies assert that inmate employment is critical to their mission, seventeen state correctional agencies do not maintain employment data on inmates, and forty state agencies have no data on offender income (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). In American culture, employment is conceptualized as a form of â€Å"treatment† intended to prevent an individual disorder known as â€Å"crime† or to cure it once it afflicts us (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). Researchers using aggregate data have been unable to prove a consistent link between employment and crime, and this is due to the fact that crime and recidivism rates, at the aggregate level, have failed to consistently show dramatic declines in times of prosperity (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). Sometimes the inability of inmates to find jobs can be a cause of crime.   Rehabilitation and the role of treatment programs in the correctional system continue to be controversial. Those who have been personally affected by a crime would rather have criminals mutilated, but for them criminal rehabilitation is more effective if we do away with criminals rather than letting them live inside the cages at the taxpayer’s expense. The criminal justice system in the United States has not produced any measurable reductions in recidivism, and to have an impact on this venerable problem requires a dramatic rethinking of what rehabilitation really means. Criminal rehabilitation has many positive benefits that can impact the lives of many inmates as well as their families, as they reintegrate into society.

Sample of Essay to Apply For a MD School

Sample of Essay to Apply For a MD SchoolI'm sure most college admissions officers have a sample of the essay to apply for a MD school. It seems that most MD school are very picky about the essays they accept, and if you have an essay that was written by yourself or one that has an originality there is no way they will be accepted. The reason why is because there are some details in it that you cannot do the writing yourself, therefore, having an essay sample of yours is what you need.Usually, when you apply for a Masters or Doctorate program, the first thing that your MA or PhD advisor will do is ask you to write a short letter for your application. If you have the desire and the skill of writing, then this is your chance to stand out and prove you are the person who can contribute to the program. Having the proper sample of the essay to apply for a MD school will really help you in getting the best admission chances.There are so many applications now that are sent to the admissions committee nowadays that students are losing their confidence in how to present themselves for admission. This is why they are sending in samples of their personal writings. They just want to prove that they can write and express themselves properly on this particular topic. The program you choose should be determined by the importance of the course that you want to take and what you hope to accomplish.The first thing you need to consider is if you want to apply to a school that is just starting up. That is why it is important to go for an MA program that is already established. These institutions offer more attention to the needs of the program, which is why you need to know if you have the writing skills needed for the MCAT. You may get discouraged if the admission committee at your school does not want to hear your letters of recommendation.Then you can make your decision regarding your MAprogram by deciding whether you want to choose a Masters in Public Health or a Masters in Nur sing Education, if you have the passion for the field. After that, you need to research the schools and see what types of programs they have available for their students. There are still many requirements you need to fulfill for admission, as some schools have entrance tests, which you need to take.But when you are choosing a school for admission, make sure that you are looking for programs that have admission guidelines, such as the admission requirements for the MA program. If you have all the necessary documents, then it will be easier for you to apply to a school. You will not have to worry about this anymore.I highly recommend using the sample of essay to apply for a MD school. It will allow you to have the strength of the essays ready to submit with the college admissions committee for consideration. It's also important that you proofread the essay thoroughly before submitting it.

Tartuffe and A Modest Proposal Essays - Tartuffe, Molire

Tartuffe 1 Tartuffe and A Modest Proposal: An Overview Chasity Tullis October 11, 2010 ENG 103: The Literary Experience Instructor Zone Tartuffe 2 Purpose: The purpose of Tartuffe was to satirize the overly rigid, self righteous churchgoers, and the heretical catholic movement of Moliere?s time. This movement was condemned by the Vatican. It was originally performed at the Palace of Versailles before King Louis in 1664 as a three act play and was condemned by court clergymen and banned from public performance. The clergymen believed that it mocked the religion and its practices. It was only until they play was extended to five acts, revised twice, and Tartuffe casted as a layman that it was approved for public performance by King Louis. The first public performance of the accepted form of Tartuffe took place in February of 1669. Main Ideas: The main ideas represented in Tartuffe are hypocrisy, gullibility, and the consuming power of obsession. Hypocrisy is the central theme to Tartuffe. This is shown constantly by the sanctimonious and self ? righteous Tartuffe who is really just a scoundrel. Gullibility runs rampant through the play as Tartuffe has all of them fooled except for the children and the maid. The main fool is Orgon the head of the family that took Tartuffe in because of his devout religion and his strict code of conduct. He ultimately has Orgon so fooled that he gives him his daughter while Tartuffe hungers for Orgon?s wife, eats his food, and spends his money. The power of obsession ultimately becomes Tartuffe?s down fall as his eventual lust for Orgon?s wife gets the best of him when she sets him up by being wily and hiding her husband so that Tartuffe gets caught in the act, so to speak. Enlightenment: The enlightenment period was a set of ideas, not a set of values. It questioned traditional institutions, customs, morals, and a strong belief in the rationality of science. It emphasized the social condition, not the philosophy. Moliere?s play was a complete contradiction to the traditions of religious practices that people were used too. It personified the public condition that we are a victim of our own gullibility or willingness to judge a book by its cover, not by what the book contains. Past to Present: I believe that Tartuffe gives us an comical outlook on the practices of the past and led us into the future by showing that if you use your wit and common sense you will be able to navigate and not be made a Tartuffe 3 fool. We learn in the future that we should use our instincts and follow our gut so to steer clear of being made a fool of. A Modest Proposal Purpose: The purpose of Swift?s proposal is to prevent the children of the poor in Dublin, Ireland from becoming a burden to their country by becoming thieves and poor themselves to become beneficial to their society as to decrease the problem of pan-handling women and their children. Main Ideas: The main ideas of Swift?s proposal, however farfetched they might be are not too farfetched if you consider the figuring and background he studied and proved in his proposal. The first idea is to provide a cheap and easy way in which to deal with the poor pan handling mothers and children nipping at their feet by turning them in to a benefit to society. The second idea is how to provide for the poor due to the current state of affairs of the country. The third idea is that these children of the poor can support their families after the age of one by being sold as food much like a pig would be sold to a butcher. The fourth idea is that these children would be raised and sold like cattle to a butcher. With this being done it may eradicate the poor dying of disease, starving to death, or being aborted. The fifth idea is the thought that being sold like cattle and being killed for food is no different than them dying from famine and disease. Enlightenment: It is in my opinion that the enlightenment period became a period of ideas to solve the state of disarray the country might be in. Ideas were brought forth to deal with any affair that may be a problem to society. I think

The purpose of the experiment Essays

The purpose of the experiment Essays The purpose of the experiment Essay The purpose of the experiment Essay In this experiment is to oxidize ethanol and then to test the product to determine whether it has been oxidized to ethanol or oxidized to ethanoic acid. The request of the experiment During the experiment, you will need to record all your observations clearly in an appropriate format. Record these appropriately in the space below. You should also consider the hazards associated with the materials and techniques used within the experiment and record it. Introduction 2, 4-DNPH (2, 4 dinitrophenylhydrazine) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a kind of indicator, colorless liquid. CH3CH2OH (ethanol) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½it is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. (http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ethanol/ethanol.html) Required Equation CH3CH2OH +[O] à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ CH3CHO + H2O CH3CH2OH +2[O] à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ CH3COOH + H2O Material 1. Solvent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The distilled water need about 15cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(15ml). 2. Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½It is used to influence the solution, which in the dropping funnel. 3. Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½It could use to be dilute in the pear shaped flask with the distilled water. 4. Dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½It could use to be diffluent in the pear shaped flask with the ethanol (H2SO4). Experimental equipment 1. Bunsen burnerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ for use to warm the solution in the pear shaped flask. 2. Dropping funnelà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ pour the mixture that have into the dropping funnel in process1. 3. Pear shaped flask 4. Condenserà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ cooling the produce make the gas distillate and collect in the small flask. 5. Linkerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ for linking the dropping funnel, pear shaped flask and condenser. 6. Stopper 7. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ its about 50ml (50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) for collect the produce of reflux. Experimental process 1. Make up a solution containing 5g of sodium dichromate in 5cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½of water, add 4cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½of ethanol and pour the mixture into the dropping funnel. 2. Warm the acid in the pear shaped flask until it is almost boiling and turn off the Bunsen burner. 3. Carefully remove the stopper and put the dropping funnel in position, as shown in the diagram. 4. Add the mixture containing the ethanol at such a rate as to maintain the boiling of the mixture in the pear shaped flask .Collect the distillate and write down all observations in the space below. 5. Carry out the following tests on the distillate and record your observations. And the picture is shows how to setting up the equipment for this experiment was in the top. Safety In this experiment there is some hazard of the chemicals used in the experiment. Hazard in this experiment: 1. Before start the experiment, ensure that all of the glass joints are greased. Keep the experiment is safety. 2. In the step1, make sure the order for put the material. Because used the water to dilute the concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). It can set free a large number of calorific capacities. So in that time is dangerous if you not careful to be scalded. 3. When used the Bunsen burner warm the acid. Make sure dont touch the equipment. Because is hot in that time. Suggest and justify improvement to the hazard in this experiment: 1. Before the experiment. Ensure that all of the glass joints are greased. 2. Remember the order to put the material in to the pear shaped flask. 3. When used the Bunsen burner warm the acid. Keep not very near of it. Observations 1. Make up a solution containing 5g of sodium dichromate in 5cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½of water, add 4cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½of ethanol and pour the mixture into the dropping funnel. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the Na2Cr2O7 is orange ,so the solution in this procedure is orange. 2. Warm the acid in the pear shaped flask until it is almost boiling and turn off the Bunsen burner. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the is H2SO4 colourless, so when it has been dilute is also colourless. 3. Carefully remove the stopper and put the dropping funnel in position, as shown in the diagram. 4. Add the mixture containing the ethanol at such a rate as to maintain the boiling of the mixture in the pear shaped flask. Collect the distillate and write down all observations in the space below. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the liquid change the colour to the dark green in this step. And there is a kind of smell comes out, it seems like the pear. 5. Carry out the following tests on the distillate and record your observations. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the product which been collected is colourless liquid. Used the material, which have been collect in this reaction. 1. Test for the presence of a carbonyl group to find out whether ethanal had been formed. -Put 5 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of 2-4,initrophenylhydrazine in a test tube and cautiously adds 5 drops of the distillate. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½In the text tube the solution is change the colour from the colourless to the yellow and there is also has the yellow precipitate has been product in the same time. 2. Text for the presence of an acid group to find out whether ethanoic acid had been formed. -Put 2 drops of the distillate in a test tube and used the PH paper to test. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the PH paper is change the normal color yellow not very much ,because it is only change a bit dark of the colour ,is likely a kind of dark yellow. And then check the PH value is about 4 or 5. Conclusion Use the results to decide whether an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid has been formed during this experiment. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½in this experiment the most has been formed is the aldehyde and also has a little carboxylic acid. References Ethanol Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon atom. The word alcohol derives from Arabic al-kuhul, which denotes a fine powder of antimony produced by distilling antimony and used as an eye makeup. Alcohol originally referred to any fine powder, but medieval alchemists later applied the term to the refined products of distillation, and this led to the current usage. Ethanol melts at -114.1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, boils at 78.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and has a density of 0.789 g/ml at 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Its low freezing point has made it useful as the fluid in thermometers for temperatures below -40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, the freezing point of mercury, and for other low-temperature purposes, such as for antifreeze in automobile radiators

Global Warming, Extraction and Exploration Essay - 6

Global Warming, Extraction and Exploration - Essay Example Oil plays an endless and crucial part of the modern world. Other than being a critical source of energy, petroleum items serve as feedstock for a few purchaser products, subsequently playing a developing and pertinent part in individuals lives. Then again, the oil business holds a noteworthy capability of risks for nature and may affect it at distinctive levels ranging from air, water, soil, and every living being on the planet. Consequently, the broadest and hazardous outcome of oil and gas industry exercises is contamination and pollution. Pollution is experienced throughout all phases of oil and gas creation, from exploratory exercises to refining. Some of the main environmental effects include; While the greater part of global warming happens in the in rich nations such as the United States and other parts of Europe. It is the poorest nations, those that can least bear to adjust to an evolving atmosphere, who are suffering the most. Developing nations economies are hurt when oil is extracted from them, or when they are subject to unpredictable oil imports. Also, when the oil is at last flared and the carbon contained in it discharged into the environment. Oil contributes intensely to diminished agricultural output, extended dry spells, human health effects, displacement of people and other effectively watched and anticipated effects of environmental change (McKibben Para. 3). The impacts of environmental change are as of now being felt everywhere throughout the planet as climate change is turning out to be less predictable and everything from agribusiness and fisheries to the insurance business is being impacted. According to Hunter (24), when conducting oil exploration for offshore oil, the oil companies use seismic waves to analyze the possibilities of the rocks below the water surface to be bearing gas and oil. This process may result in the destruction of tissues and organs of fish and also  alter the means of communication of marine organisms as well as how they search for food.  

Characterize the worlds current energy use situation and discuss Essay

Characterize the worlds current energy use situation and discuss various versions of an energy future as posed by the readings - Essay Example For example, Ayres (2001) focuses on making our present use of energy more efficient since there is technology available that can make more efficient use of our present oil and other energy resources. Instead of looking for new sources of energy or investing in our present sources, in the future envisioned by him, our energy use would become so efficient that economic growth would not be stalled until we have developed sustainable alternative fuels. The issue of development is directly connected with the search for alternative energy since the developing countries of the world depend on the availability of energy that can help them drive their economies. In any given city or country, whenever automobiles are driven, industries operated or to energy is generated to provide electric power to homes and offices, a significant amount of fossil fuels are used (Green, 2005). Of course a certain level of demand for such fuels had been met in the past since there was an abundance of resources but in the future, that demand may not be met if we continue to use fossil fuels in the same inefficient way that we have used them in the past. Ayres (2001) takes a view which focuses on governmental policies with regard to our current use of energy and how governments can mandate laws and regulations which make efficient energy a reality. This would allow significant cuts in the consumption of energy which would not only push back the peak but it would also allow the prices of oil to come down with a reduction in demand. The estimates made by him suggest that the demand for oil could be reduced by as much as half if the appropriate policies are implemented. The idea of pushing back the peak of oil production is discussed at length by Campbell and Laherrere (1998) who come to the conclusion that cheap and plentiful oil is no longer a given. They also report that the discovery of new oil production fields is