Essay on Juvenile Deliquency - Lee Boyd Malvo - 1353 Words

Edwin H. Sutherland’s formulation of differential association theory proposed that delinquency, like any other form of behavior, is a product of social interaction. On October 14th, 2002, 17 year old Lee Boyd Malvo was charged by the state of Virginia for two capital crimes: the murder of FBI analyst Linda Franklin in the commission of an act of terrorism and the murder of more than one person in a three-year period. Sutherland’s nine propositions of differential association best explains Malvo’s act for the following reasons: (1) Malvo learned how to commit each heinous crime through his social interaction within his intimate group, (2) Malvo learned the techniques to commit each crime through his mentor, i.e. learning the skills†¦show more content†¦Edwin H. Sutherland’s propositions of differential association argues criminal behavior, like any other behavior, is learned from others. That is, â€Å"delinquent behavior is not an inherited trai t but rather an acquired one† (Juvenile Delinquency, p.153). Sutherland claims that criminal behavior/ juvenile delinquency is learned through a youth’s relationship within intimate personal groups. These intimate groups are far more influential for adolescents than any other form of communication such as the media. In the case of Lee Boyd Malvo, he had a personal relationship with Muhammad, Malvo’s mother ex-boyfriend. After Malvo’s biological father left his mother, she often left Malvo unattended and in the care of friends. Malvo’s mother eventually abandoned him again which he then went to live with Muhammad, a gulf war veteran, who had became his father figure, friend and mentor. Malvo’s longing for a father was replaced by Muhammad and the duration of his time outside of school was with Muhammad. Malvo had only been living in the United States for a year after migrating from Jamaica, before he moved in with Muhammad. One can assume that Malvo became attached to Muhammad because he lacked a father figure as well as companionship in a new country where he felt alienated from family and friends in Jamaica. Muhammad later converted Malvo to Islam. If the principal learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups, differential association

Procedures of Search and Seizure in the French Criminal Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1488 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? Institute of Law Procedures of Search and Seizure in French Criminal Justice system: A Comparative Analysis Comparative Criminal Procedure Procedures of Search and Seizure in Franch Criminal Justice system a Comparative Analysis Abstract Code de Procedure penale is one part of Franch Criminal Justice Administration framework. In the French system it is portrayed this as a mixture of the inquisitorial as well as adversarial models. The Sub Section 1 contains the procedural aspect of inspection of premise, inquiry, search and seizure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Procedures of Search and Seizure in the French Criminal Justice System" essay for you Create order To the degree that expert judges (either the prosecutor (procureur) or the examining judge (juge dinstruction)) will practice some level of oversight/control over the activities of the police, take an interest in the examination, and take the choice to indict, then the system can be depicted as falling soundly inside the inquisitorial convention. Likewise, the fact that the case spins around a composed case dossier which is developed in the pre-trial stage and is utilized by the trial and appellate courts is consistant with the inquisitorial model. Then again, the practice in some cases strays from the model. For instance, there are numerous situations where, to a great extent for resourcing reasons, the police exercise critical self-sufficiency in the examination and readiness of a case for trial. In a comparative vein, the level of legal control over the investigative stage is variable because of the police not continually advising the procurers office of all offenses or neglecting to inform in an opportune manner. Procedure of search and seizure are very well defined in detail by the Code de procedure penale. In the process of prelimnary enquiry, search and seizure may be done by the officiers de police judiciaire (OPJ), on the condition that the individual whose house is sought assents. During a prelimnary judicial examination, inquiry and seizure are completed by the juge dinstruction, or the OPJ following up on his orders. A few statutes discredits from these standards by crediting power to search to certain other public authorities. For instance, custom officers can open safety deposit boxes or inquiry somebodys home. In like manner, fraud and competition officers can perform search and seizure for gathering the evidences of fraud. Introduction Search and seizure are regulated in great detail by the Code de procedure penale. In the course of preliminary enquiry, search and seizure may be carried out by the officiers de police judiciaire (OPJ), o n the condition that the person whose house is searched consents.[1] During a preliminary judicial investigation, search and seizure are carried out by the juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction, or the OPJ acting on his orders. Some statutes derogates from these principles by attributing search powers to certain other public officials. For example, custom officers can open safety deposit boxes or search someoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home. Likewise, fraud and competition officers can perform searched for evidence of fraud. Despite the fact that there is no limitation on the spots in which Search and seizures may be directed, they may not begin before 6 am or after 9 pm. On the other hand, a couple of exemptions must be noted. Case in point the OPJ can conduct search operations during the evening in places like brothels or in places where drugs are misused or manufactured.[2] In any act of search and seizure a witness is required to testify the legality of the whole operation[3], and the person who is subjected to be searched should be present there[4], this provision finds its mention in the law. if the property being searched belong to a person under duty of professional secrecy, for example an advocate or a medical doctor, the officer conducting the search must previously inform the president of local Bar or the president of the medical association of the department, who is entitled to attend. The correspondence between the lawyers being searched and the accused can never be seized. Any object removed must have been seized in the interest of discovering the truth. Also, as soon as custody of these items is no longer necessary for the investigation, restitution can be effected by the judge either on his own initiative or following the request of the owner.[5] Examination of Body and Mind In general these examinations are carries out by an expert even if expert reports can also concern objects, such as a document, a machine or any other object. It is the judge, in effect the juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction, who nominates the experts. In principles, he names one, except that he may nominate two or more if circumstances justify it. There are two particular situations where different rules apply: where fraud is being investigated, the accused nominates one expert, the judge nominating the other (the system of contradictory expert reports); in cases of urgency, where observations or examination cannot be delayed, the OPJ can appoint any qualified person as an expert. The expert has fairly important powers at his disposal. He may hear anyone apart from the accused. He can even hear from the letter, but with certain differences. The expert can hear him if it is a matter of a psychiatric reports. In all other cases, the expert must ask the authorization of the judge before hearing the accused. The general principle in French law indeed is that suspect can only be questioned by a judge, and not by an OPJ or an expert. In any c ase, the expert has to liaise with the judge. Once he has finished the expertise, the expert submits his report to the judge who must notify the various parties of its conclusions.[6] Interference with the right to privacy Two questions, which do not create the same degree of difficulty, arise: the seizure of letters and telephone tapping. Letters The seizure of letters was contested over a lengthy period because of the scope of the right to privacy. Finally, it was admitted by case-law in 1959, and the Code de procedure penale confirmed the solution by recognizing that the practice of seizure could apply to papers, documents or other objects and to objects and documents useful in the discovery of the truth. In practice, the juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction who wishes to seize someoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s post sends a requisition to the postal service. We must, however remember that correspondence addressed to, or sent by, lawyer or escapes all seizure.[7] Telephone The question of telephone tapping is more delicate in the absence of express regulation of the matter in French law. Yet, such tapping occurs daily in France on the basis of art. 81 al. 1 CCP on the authority of which, juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“carries out, in accordance with the law, any investigation which he considers necessary to discover the truth. The decision which allowed telephone tapping in principle dates back to 1980. It was a very clear decision which imposed two conditions at the most: an absence of fraud and no violation of the rights of the accused. Other decision followed, but question revived. Firstly the Cour de Cassation held that telephone tapping by OPJ was forbidden, Only the juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction being able to order it. Thereafter, the European Court in Strasbourg condemned France, not for its absence of legislation, since according to European court, case law is a source of positive law, and France has plenty of it , but because the decision of the Cour de Cassation do not deal with every aspect of telephone tapping, such as, for example, the question as to what has to be done with the tapes after the trial, etc.[8] CONCLUSION The good blend of inquisitorial and adversarial system found in the Franch Criminal Justice Administration System. Provision regarding search and seizure are strictly scrutinized on the base of right to privacy. Though right to privacy is not absolute in nature yet it is regarded with utmost respect as other fundamental rights of the citizens. When we compare it with the Indian scenario of regulations related to search and seizure, we find no regulations regarding the search of premise though some guidelines are there regarding the personal body search. Women cannot be searched by male policemen and cannot be arrested between sunset and next sun rise. Absence of specific regulations regarding the Right to privacy in fact jeopardizes the right to privacy enshrined i n umbrella fundamental rights of the citizen of India. Regarding restitution of the seized articles there is in practicality there are no provisions which makes it impossible to get the things back after their requirement is finished. In concluding remarks we can say that as Indian legal system is actually a stock pile of different regulation from various countries so here it is requirement in the present that some good developments in the other legal systems should be adopted in our system also. 1 [1] Prof. Jean Pradel, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Criminal Procedure Systems in the European Communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Chapter 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" France page no.120. [2] ibid [3] Article 96 of Code de procedure penale [4] Ibid. Article 76 [5] id. Article 99 [6] Prof. Jean Pradel, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Criminal Procedure Systems in the European Communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Chapter 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" France page no.121 [7] Ibid. [8] Id. 122

Burger King s Successful Fast Food Restaurants - 1780 Words

Burger King is one of the most successful fast food restaurants in the world. Burger King has been very effective in applying their strategic vision and mission statement to build their brand. The leadership team has positioned Burger King for a path of continued domestic and international growth, because of a strong brand recognition and quality products. Burger King uses two generic strategies to deal with competition, they are differentiation and cost leadership. Cost leadership within Burger King is essential to minimize costs. This allows Burger King to control margins and operating costs. For Burger King to offer such competitive prices, they have to reduce operating costs, but at the same time they need to provide a quality product that the customers want. Burger King also uses a differentiation strategy. A good example would be the way they grill their products and the specific techniques they use for products such as the â€Å"Whopper†. The marketing teams has also fo rmed slogans such as â€Å"Have It Your Way† and the most current slogan â€Å"Be Your Way†. These slogans attempt to form a differentiation pattern in the consumer’s minds. These marketing slogans are also used to attract new customers especially in the competitive market such as the fast food market. These techniques have allowed Burger King to reach out to new and current customers. Burger King uses a pricing strategy that is based off of their successful cost leadership techniques. This is a vital component toShow MoreRelatedBurger King s Brand Identity Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience with the brand. Brand Identity Burger King’s brand identity relies heavily on their signature menu item the Whopper and the brand’s relation to the fast food giant McDonald’s. According to Burger King, â€Å"more than 11 million guests visit BURGER KING ® restaurants around the world. And they do so because our restaurants are known for serving high-quality, great-tasting, and affordable food. Founded in 1954, BURGER KING ® is the second largest fast food hamburger chain in the world. The originalRead MoreThe Fast Food Industry Is A Multi Billion Dollar Industry1286 Words   |  6 Pages` The fast-food industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that has generated about 200 billion U.S. dollars just in 2013 alone. This industry employs approximately four million people across the country with 83% of U.S. consumers dining at fast-food restaurants at least once a week. The word â€Å"fast-food† made its addition to the Merriam-Webster dictionary during the early 1950’s. 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Everyone has their opinion on which one they like best, but what about the actual quality and health of the foods served? When one is choosing to eat at one of these restaurants, they may just simply choose one without evaluating things such as food quality, prices, and service experience. TwoRead MoreMcdonald s Vs. Burger King Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesMcDonald s vs. Burger King. McDonald s, America s well known fast food chain has been growing since the day it was discovered by Richard and Maurice McDonald in 1940. The famous hamburger sensation has surpassed its restaurant presences by 1.5 times when compared to the overall amount of hospitals in the U.S. for decades, McDonald s has been the number one hamburger fast food choice for the average Americans, that is until Burger King started to build its innovation. The rise of Burger King startedRead MoreI Have Chosen The Burger King Corporation.The Burger King1581 Words   |  7 PagesI have chosen the Burger King Corporation. 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I will also discuss how companiesRead MoreCase Analysis Burger King1538 Words   |  7 Pages Presented BY: Walid ElKateb Burger king is the second largest fast food hamburger chain in the world with more than 12,174 restaurants across 76 countries 60% of which are located in the US amp; 90% of its restaurants are franchised. By looking at the industry, we can see that Burger king is operating within the fast food hamburger (FFHR) category of the quick service restaurant in the restaurant industry. Sales for the FFHR has been growing rapidly (with a totalRead MoreBurger King International1296 Words   |  6 PagesBurger King International MBA 6601 International Business By Wendy B. Machana Burger King International Burger King, previously known as InstaBurger King in 1954, is the world’s largest flame-broiled fast food restaurant chain (Daniels, Radebaugh Sullivan, 2011). Burger Kings core competency lays in the way it cooks its burgers- by its flame broiled method as opposed to grills that fry and also the option that it offers its customers as to how they want their burgers (â€Å"haveRead MoreEssay about Organizational Structure- Mgt/2301127 Words   |  5 Pagesthe organizational structures of McDonalds, Burger King, and Wendy’s food restaurants. It will examine the comparison and contrast of the organizational structure of McDonalds with Burger King, and Wendy’s Corporations. What functions influence McDonalds, and explains how the organizational design helps determine the structure that best suits McDonalds needs, as a business. Organizational Structure Burgers are one of the most favored junk foods people like to eat from around the world. What

The Consequences of Driving and Distraction Essay - 763 Words

In today’s news, it’s not uncommon for accidents to be the top story. In fact with today’s population, over 37,000 people die in road crashes each year with an estimated amount of 1.2 million crashes each year that involved drivers using cell phones for conversations. Unless action is taken, road traffic injuries are predicted to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030. With the big population of people that cover our world today, it is not uncommon to see drivers swerving in their lanes or barely dodging a pedestrian because they are not focused. To be exact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that â€Å"more than 15 people are killed and more than 1,200 people are injured in crashes that were reported to†¦show more content†¦In many states, drivers under the age of 18 are banned from using cell phones while driving. There are fines of $100/$250 plus 30-day suspension for junior drivers. A text message is not worth jail time, fines or life, in any situation. Consequences for texting while driving are not just a simple slap on the wrist. You can’t just apologize for killing someone. When you put a persons life at risk you must face some sort of punishment. If driving rights are abused there must be consequences as a result. Most states are making texting while driving illegal altogether by steadily enacting laws to ban the use of cellphones and to restrict texting while driving. (Distraction.gov) Just in 2012 thirty-two states and the District of Columbia ban cell phone use by all drivers. In Obama’s opening remarks at the summit, US Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood stated, â€Å"I want to remind everyone that we cannot rely on legal action alone, because in reality, you can’t legislate behavior †¦ there aren’t enough police on patrol to catch everyone who’s breaking the law. 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On your sixteenth birthday, most people go right to the RMV, andRead MoreDon t Text, Just Drive : Texting While Driving1604 Words   |  7 PagesLone Star College Don’t Text, Just Drive: Texting While Driving Adam Polkinghorn GOVT - 2305 6005 Professor Ricard 14 April 2017 Adam Polkinghorn Professor Sarah Ricard GOVT-2305 6005 14 April 2017 Don’t Text, Just Drive: Texting and Driving â€Å"I hope you brought a phone charger!† Rachel said excitedly as she started up the car. â€Å"This is going to be a long drive and I can’t have my phone die, but, at least texting doesn’t use much battery.† George shook his head and plugged the phoneRead MoreTexting While Driving Should Stop724 Words   |  3 Pagespercent (â€Å"Texting and Driving Safety, No Texting and Driving†). Distracted driving is impacting more than just young and foolish drivers. By understanding who it is affecting and why it is affecting them we can move forward in a solution to this issue. â€Å"Distracted driving is any activity that could divert a persons attention away from the primary task of driving† (â€Å"Distracted Driving | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration | Texting and Driving†). Distracted driving can occur in three mainRead MoreCell Phone Use While Driving1114 Words   |  5 Pagespresent themselves when we get behind the wheel of a car and carry these habits of cell phone addictions with us. If all states ban the use of cell phones while driving, then there would be a reduced amount of fatalities each year. I. The statistics of cell- phone use while driving can be dangerous A. Deaths B. Accidents Texting and driving according to the National Safety Council, is responsible for 1.6 million accidents per year and 11 teen deaths every day according to the Ins. 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Remedial Instruction Free Essays

string(28) " and their own inner world\." Remedial Instruction in English 1. Define and enumerate the procedure of the following: a. augmentative picture( Communication) device †¢These devices of technology can range from: †¢A board with pictures representing a student’s daily needs †¢Words, phrases, sentences symbolically represented on a communication display as photographs, line drawings, tangible objects or letters †¢Electronic speech synthesizers (prerecorded speech, or segments of words, computers and portable electronic devices. We will write a custom essay sample on Remedial Instruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢Augmentative communication devices help individuals in producing and/or understanding speech. b. Bean bag tossing -Cornhole, also known as bean bag toss, corn toss, baggo or bags, is a lawn game in which players take turns throwing corn hole bags at a raised platform with a hole in the far end. A bag in the hole scores 3 points, while one on the platform scores 1 point. Play continues until a team or player reaches the score of 21. Procedure †¢Bean bag tossing matches are broken down into innings or frames [1] of play. During each inning, every player throws four bags. A player may deliver the bag from either the left or right pitcher’s box, but, in any one inning, all bags must be delivered from the same pitcher’s box. It is possible that both players can throw from the same pitcher’s box. Also, the player gets a three foot box to throw in. Each player must deliver the bag within twenty seconds. The time starts when the player steps onto the pitcher’s box with the intention of pitching. The player who scored in the preceding inning pitches first in the next inning. If neither pitcher scores, the contestant or team who pitched last in the preceding inning pitches first in the next inning. Note: one foot cannot pass the back of the board while tossing the corn bag, otherwise the point does not count. Bean bag tossing can be played as either doubles or singles. In doubles play, four players split into two teams. One member from each team pitches from one cornhole platform and the other members pitch from the other. The first side of players alternate pitching bags until both players have thrown all four of their bags, then the players pitching from the opposing cornhole board continue to alternate in the same manner until all four of their bags are delivered and the inning or frame is completed. In singles play, two players play against each other. Delivery is handled in the same manner as doubles play. Both contestants pitch from the same cornhole platform and alternate their pitches until all of their bags have been pitched, completing the inning or frame. c. Sensory putty †¢Therapy Putty is the clinician’s all-purpose answer for children who are nervous, anxious, distracted, or withdrawn in therapy. Most children can’t resist Therapy Putty—It can be squeezed, stretched, twisted, and pulled into an endless assortment of shapes. It gives children an engaging yet undemanding activity that helps them calm down and sit still. And it often serves as an effective ice-breaker, leading the child into relaxed and productive discussion. †¢Therapy Putty is formulated to ensure long-lasting plasticity. It contains only organic, NON-BLEED colors, and it is odorless and nontoxic. It is also ideal for developing hand-muscle strength and increasing endurance. To gently increase range of motion or reduce stiffness, use Extra-Soft Tan. As strength increases, gradually increase the resistance of putty. Varying resistances are indicated by color Procedure 1. Stretch the Theraputty out and hide coins or small objects in it. Then roll it up into a ball. Have the child pull the putty apart and find all the objects you put in there. 2. Roll the putty out into a long thin snake. Have the child use their index finger to flatten the snake all along its body. Then, using their pincer grip (index finger to thumb) have them squeeze the putty back up. I should now look like a spiky dinosaur! 3. Holding the putty in one hand, have the child pinch pieces of the putty off at a time with each finger opposing the thumb d. Sandtray technique Sandtray therapy is considered an expressive and dynamic form of psychotherapy that facilitates expression of thoughts through metaphor and symbols, according to the Sandtray Therapy Institute. The technique aims at healing individuals by allowing them to get in touch with their inner processes and past experiences. The Institute touts its ability to let people become who they are meant to be, rather than being limit ed by what they were taught when they were younger. †¢is a form of expressive therapy that is also known as sandplay and the world technique. It was developed by Margaret Lowenfeld, Goesta Harding, De Domenico, Charlotte Buehler, Bolgar, Fisher, Ruth Bowyer, and Dora Kalff. This non-verbal method of therapy is often used with children, but can be applied to adults, teens, couples, families, and groups as well. Sand tray therapy allows a client to construct their own microcosm using miniature toys and colored sand. The newly created microcosm then acts as a reflection of the client’s own life and allows them the opportunity to resolve conflicts, remove obstacles, and to connect to their inner being and recognize the beauty of their own soul as they begin to accept themselves. Procedure – One of the most common techniques used in sand tray therapy is the world technique. This approach involves the use of miniatures. Clients are encouraged to use miniature toys, figurines and objects in the sand in way they choose. They can add water to the sand, and place the miniatures in the sand tray in any order. The design of the sand tray is guided by their imagination and their subconscious. The result is a microcosm of their inner world. The world within the sand tray is expressed through symbolism and metaphor, and may not even make immediate sense to the client. But aided by the therapist, a client, even a child, can begin to recognize the relationship between the creation in the sand and their own inner world. You read "Remedial Instruction" in category "Papers" -The humanistic approach is another common strategy applied in sand tray therapy. Clinicians who use this technique rely solely on the client to find solutions to their problems, using the sand as a tool for healing. Through creative expression, a client is able to manifest in sand things they would otherwise not be able to vocalize or address in traditional therapy. The therapist treats the client as whole and healed, knowing that the process of sand tray therapy allows the client to find the answers that are already within them. e. Pad cast †¢a digital recording of music, news or other media that can be downloaded from the internet to a portable media player. The term originated from â€Å"P. O. D. †, meaning Portable On Demand, and â€Å"cast†, relating to the term broadcast †¢Anyone can create a podcast. All over the world, people are creating podcasts on subjects ranging from movies, to technology, to music, to politics and whatever else you can think of. This is new original content made by passionate people who want to share their creativity with the world. †¢The cost to start podcasting is so low that anyone can do it. Most podcasters are everyday people like you and me. They could be talking to you driving in their car, sitting in their living room or speaking at a conference. You get to glimpse into their life and into their interests. †¢Podcasters are creating very raw and real content and listeners are responding. Free from corporate radio and broadcast regulations, you can create whatever kind of show you can imagine. Some podcasts are â€Å"talk show† style. Others introduce you to the latest bands and music. With podcasts you can stay current on the news, get a glimpse into someone’s life, listen to move reviews and the list goes on. †¢Most podcasts are made by people who are very passionate about their subject. Passion is infectious and interesting to listen to. Since the birth of podcasting, a huge variety of shows have shown up on the internet. †¢In addition, many major media outlets are also now offering podcasts. You can listen to NPR, Rush Limbaugh and many major news outlets by podcast. f. Math Manipulatives In math classrooms today, teachers are using manipulatives to help students learn mathematics. Manipulative materials are any concrete objects that allow students to explore an idea in an active, hands-on approach. Manipulatives can be almost anything –blocks, shapes, spinners or even paper that is cut or folded. †¢The power of using manipulatives is that they let the student connect mathematical ideas and symbols to physical objects, thus promoting better understanding. For example, students in grade 5 must learn about decimal numbers. Students ma ke a common mistake nwhen comparing 0. 7 and 0. 6, thinking that 7 tenths is a smaller number than 56 hundredths. This is because students think that a two-digit number, such as 56hundredths is larger than a one-digit number, 7 tenths. That â€Å"rule† works for wholenumbers, but not decimals. If the students are asked to build these numbers using amanipulative such as base ten blocks, they can immediately see that 7 tenths is larger than56 hundredths. They connect the model to the concept of the size of the numbers. With many experiences building and representing using manipulatives, students can deepen their understanding of abstract math concepts. It can also be tools to help students solve problems. By using physical models to represent their thinking, they can move and adapt the materials as they explore possiblesolutions to problems G. Raised line paper †¢One way to assist students with difficulty in writing is by offering raised-line paper. The lines on this paper are embossed, which raises them slightly. This provides both visual and tactile cues for students who have difficulty with letter formation, spacing and â€Å"staying in the lines. † As students write, they will â€Å"feel† the lines both with their fingers and through the motion of their pencils. This may help students to form letters and words more accurately, increasing their feeling of success with writing tasks. †¢When using this kind of tool in your classroom, it’s best to provide it for everyone if possible. This will help class projects or bulletin boards to look uniform in appearance. More importantly, kids with disabilities will have an opportunity to see that they are using the same materials as their peers. Already acutely aware that they struggle with writing, they don’t need to be self-conscious about using different paper than everyone else. In order to save money, kids can use scrap paper or regular paper for writing or dictating rough drafts, and then use the raised-line paper for final copies if necessary Procedure †¢Just prepare the tools(the particular paper) and let the students follow the lines I the paper. h. Sparkle †¢A spelling word game than has been played a lot in classrooms is Sparkle. The basic game goes like this. The person in charge of calling out the words can be the teacher or a student. When the first word is called out, the first person starts spelling it, saying only the first letter. The second person says the second letter and so on down the line. Whoever says the last letter of the word turns to the next person and says â€Å"sparkle† or any other word of your choosing, like â€Å"Whoo-hoo† or â€Å"Gotcha. † The person who would have been next is out, because he or she got â€Å"sparkled†. †¢The game continues with the leader calling out another word. Any time a student misspells a word, that student is out. Some teachers have a student sit down if they are not paying attention and do not know it is their turn or do not remember the previous letter. This helps improve listening skills. Procedure 1. The class forms a circle. 2. The teacher says a list word. 3. The first student says the first letter of the word. 4. The next in line says the second letter. 5. The student next in line says the third letter. This continues until all letters of the list word have been spoken. 6. The student in line AFTER the last letter, then says the list word. 7. The next student in line says â€Å"SPARKLE† and is OUT, and returns to his seat. 8. Anytime a student says the wrong letter, he is out and returns to his seat. 9. I usually give the winner a cap eraser, pencil grip, or something like that. . Adaptive reading materials Multisensory techniques are frequently used for students withLearning Disabilities (LD) Multisensory teaching techniques and strategies stimulate learning by engaging students on multiple levels. They encourage students to use some or all of their senses to: †¢Gather information about a task; †¢Link information to ideas they already know and un derstand; †¢Perceive the logic involved in solving problems; †¢Learn problem-solving steps; †¢Tap into nonverbal reasoning skills; †¢Understand relationships between concepts; and †¢Learn information and store it for later recall. How to cite Remedial Instruction, Papers

Effect of Alzheimer Disease on Communication Channels Free Sample

Question: Select a Condition where communication is Impaired and Examine and describe how this Condition Effects Communication Channels. Answer: Alzheimers and Communication Alzheimers disease is a chronic progressive degenerative condition which often causes deterioration in cognitive function beyond what is expected during normal ageing. The condition often starts slowly and progressively worsens with time (Burns Iliffe, 2009). The most common early symptom of the condition is short-term memory loss, which eventually develops into dementia in 60 to 70% of the cases. In later stages of the disease, the affected present with problems with language, behavioural issues, disorientation and mood swings (World Health Organization, 2015; Burns Iliffe, 2009). This progressive deterioration often leads to withdrawal. In the long run, bodily functions are lost and this leads to death within three to nine years following diagnosis (Todd, et al., 2013). The cause of the condition is poorly understood. A greater risk is attributed to a genetic issue involving several genes (Ballard, et al., 2011). Whereas other risk factors are a history of either hypertension, depression or head injuries (Burns Iliffe, 2009). According to Ballard et al., (2010), the disease process is characterised with plaques and tangles in the brain. This causes the destruction of brain tissue areas responsible for the sending, receiving and processing of messages. Persons suffering from the condition increasingly rely on caretakers for assistance through the progression of the disease. Effect of Alzheimers on communication channels Despite the differences in presentation in the three stages of the condition, all persons with the condition experience some focal language disorders which impact specific language functions while not affecting memory and intellect functions (Frank, 1994). Further on, Frank (1994) claims that communication in Alzheimer's goes through 3 phases. Communication deficits in the first phase are basically in the context area of lexical access and refined conversation skills. The second phase is characterised by increased difficulty in content areas (including a decline in memory function, and increased difficulty in concept formation). The third phase involves all of the presentations of the last two phases but the presentation may be more severe in terms of memory and intellectual deficits (Egan, et al., 2010). In mild Alzheimers the patient can participate in meaningful conversations but may repeat the details, they may also be unable to find the right words, may substitute an incorrect word, or may not find any word completely. In moderate Alzheimers the patient has difficulty in communication evidenced by losing more words, thinking longer before expressing themselves, loses spontaneity, and the vocabulary gets limited. Whereas in severe Alzheimers the patient may rely on non-verbal communication (vocal sounds or facial expressions) as they often tend to lose the capacity for recognisable speech (Alzheimer's Asscociation, 2016; Alzheimer's Society of Canada, 2016). The Role of a Speech Therapistin Alzheimers Speech therapists play a central role in screening, assessing, diagnosing and treating persons with Alzheimers and other forms of dementia (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2016). A speech therapist is involved in both the management of communication, cognitive and swallowing deficits. Speech therapists help the patient function at the best level through the remainder of the course of the disease. The goal of intervention by speech therapists in the case of Alzheimer's is not rehabilitative but rather facilitative or palliative (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2016). Specialists specifically attend to the cognitive aspects of communication, which include memory, attention, executive functioning and problem-solving. Speech therapists help the patient to preserve communication and cognitive functioning for the longest time possible. To achieve this, a speech therapist may have to develop alternative communication strategies that will help the patient voice their wants and needs in an effective way. The goal is to allow the patient use the abilities that they are in possession within their interaction with caregivers, family, and friends. Strategies Used by Nurse to Facilitate Communication with an Alzheimers Patient Some of the strategies adopted include the use of written cues to facilitate memory recall, use of memory blocks to help the patient remember details about his/herself and training caregivers and family members of strategies for better communication with the patient (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2016). According to the recommendations of the Alzheimers Society, to facilitate communication between the nurse and the patient, approach them from the front, use names carefully, use body language and tone of voice carefully, avoid patronising them, minimise competing noise and also allow them to retain control through the conversation. To encourage verbal feedback, some of the suggested strategies include giving the patients simple choices, use of objects and pictures, reducing the amount of information being conveyed, giving them time to respond, rephrase questions when necessary, and also tr y to know as much as possible about the patient beforehand (Alzheimer's Society, 2016). References Alzheimer's Asscociation, 2016. Tips for successful Communicaion. Massachusetts: The Alzheimers Association. Alzheimer's Society of Canada, 2016. Day to Day Series - Communications, Ontario: Alzheimer Society of Canada. Alzheimer's Society, 2016. Communicating and language. [Online] Available at: https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/info/20064/symptoms/90/communicating_and_language/4 [Accessed 3 April 2017]. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2016. Dementia. [Online] Available at: https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/dementia/ [Accessed 3 April 2017]. Ballard, C. et al., 2011. Alzheimer's disease.. Lancet, 377(9770), pp. 1019-31. Burns, A. Iliffe, S., 2009. Alzheimers disease. The BMJ, Volume 338, p. b158. Egan, M. et al., 2010. Methods to Enhance Verbal Communication between Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease and Their Formal and Informal Caregivers: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, p. 906818. Frank, E. M., 1994. Effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication function.. Journal of The South Carolina Medical Association, 90(9), pp. 417-23. Todd, S., Barr, S., Roberts, M. Passmore, A. P., 2013. Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(11), p. 11091124. World Health Organization, 2015. Dementia Fact sheet N362. [Online] Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20150318030901/https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en [Accessed 3 April 2017].

Criminal Rehabilitation free essay sample

Prison is just a place where criminals get a good spanking and endless lectures on behavior until they can learn how to be righteous. In colonial America, criminals were treated in much the same way as they were in England at that time, with punishments ranging from lashings, confinement in stocks, and public brandings for minor offenses to hanging for more serious crimes-including theft (Wright, 2007). Many people are surprised to learn that the use of prisons as a form of punishment and rehabilitation was an American innovation (Farabee, 2005). On average, incarceration costs about $22,000 per year: to lock someone away for ten years costs, on average, about $220, 000; a shorter sentence with emphasis on re-education and rehabilitation would be cheaper and more effective (Fauteck, 2006). Rehabilitation seems like a good method that can help inmates get a new lease on life, and become good productive citizens. Criminal rehabilitation works to reduce criminal recidivism, and it’s a cost-efficient form of crime prevention (Fauteck, 2006). Rehabilitation is often theorized as an approach distinct from reform: that is, as a particular style of correctional intervention and a product or correlate of a particular historical context (Raynor Robinson, 2005). American prisons have been charged with the responsibility of accomplishing a nearly impossible task: the transformation of convicted felons, including society’s most violent and recalcitrant criminals, into law-abiding citizens (Wright, 2007). Isolation from social connections with economic value further embeds offenders within a criminal social world (in prison and again on the street), which has long-term effects on inmates’ ability to integrate into mainstream communities; no matter how progressive prison-based vocational training courses seem to be, the American system of correctional â€Å"isolation† cannot accomplish, to a significant degree, its goal of offender rehabilitation and community integration (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). Rehabilitation also ensures that inmates are socially well adjusted (Wright, 2007). Prisons are exceedingly difficult places in which to provide treatment (Farabee, 2005). Under rehabilitation, incapacitation effects also would occur (as well as general deterrent effects because offender would receive a state sanction) (Fauteck, 2006). There is growing evidence that imprisonment is related to higher levels of recidivism (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). Set of studies demonstrates that control-oriented intensive supervision, scared straight, and boot camp programs have no overall impact on recidivism (Fauteck, 2006). One of the reasons why these interventions fail, it’s because they are based on a limited theory of crime (rational choice) and do not target the known proximate risk factors for re-offending (Andrews and Bonta, 2006). Scholars has been working to document that rehabilitation programs can be effective (Wright, 2007). Through the use of meta-analyses that survey the studies in this area, they show that rehabilitation programs achieve meaningful reductions in recidivism (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). Rehabilitation for the benefit of potential victims Current models of rehabilitation, those based on social learning theory and often delivered through ‘programmes’, aim to empower offenders to take more control of their lives and behavior and to make more pro-social choices by helping them to learn necessary skills such as listening and communication, crucial and creative thinking, problem-solving, self-management and self-control (Fauteck, 2006). Rehabilitation is advocated on the grounds that it is better for both the offenders and society because it can reduce further offending and victimizations (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). This primacy accorded to public safety is described by Garland as a shift in the justification of rehabilitation: the emphasis, he argues, has moved from the benefit to the offender towards the benefit to potential future victims-it is for their sake that rehabilitation is attempted (Garland, 2001). Rehabilitation for the benefit of communities Rehabilitation is often characterized as a â€Å"liberal idea† because it endorses â€Å"going easy† on offenders, and yet the public supports it; Americans favor a balanced approach, one that exacts a measure of justice, protects the public against serious offenders, and makes every effort to change offenders while they are within the grasp of the state (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). State-obligated rehabilitation is based on the rights that offenders share with other citizens even after they have offended; communitarian approaches to rehabilitation recognize that offenders mostly belong to communities, and that their memberships and affiliations need to continue, or to be repaired, if they are to be reintegrated into normal membership of communities Garland, 2001). Such approaches are associated particularly with advocates of restorative justice who believe that re-integrative processes can help offenders to atone for or make reparation for their offenses at the same time as helping offenders and victims to acknowledge the wrong and to learn something of each other (Braithwaite, 1989). A related approach to rehabilitation is also emerging, known as a ‘strengths-based’ approach which justifies rehabilitation on the basis of the contribution the rehabilitated offender can make to the community, and the community’s need for this contribution; ‘strengths-based and restorative approaches ask not what a person’s deficits are, but rather what positive contribution the person can make (Andrews Bonta, 1994). REHABILITATION PROGRAMS Basic criminal rehabilitation programs ensure that there is a standard level of literacy amongst the inmates. We know that treatment can be successful in reducing criminal behavior, but we have to have better knowledge as to what are the effective treatment ingredients. No matter how well a program is designed, its effectiveness ultimately depends on how well it is implemented (Farabee, 2005). The alchemy between the perceived urgency of reversing existing crime trends and the promise of effective rehabilitation programs has fueled the public’s desire for non-punitive, rehabilitative responses to crime (Farabee, 2005). In order to analyze the effectiveness of criminal rehabilitation programs, we have to define and understand the meaning of programs in terms of rehabilitating offenders. The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary defines program as â€Å"a plan or system under which action may be taken toward a goal† (Merrian-Webster Dictionary, 2002). If the term program is put into context with criminal rehabilitation, it is treatment designed for the specific goal of reducing recidivism. Not all offender programs are ineffective; some have positive results (Farabee, 2005). An effective treatment program must be able to differentiate offenders in their risk to re-offend and then match their risk to level of service (Andrews Bonta, 1994). Higher risk offenders require more intensive services while the lower risk offenders require very little or no services (Fleisher, 1995; Irwin, 1970). Criminogenic needs are the offender needs that when changed, are associated with changes in recidivism, for example, substance abuse and employment problems are riminogenic needs that relate to anxiety and self-esteem; decreasing anxiety or increasing self-esteem is likely to impact future criminal behavior (Andrews Bonta, 1994). Rehabilitation programs that target characteristics that do not cause crime and operate at low intensity with poorly trained staff cannot be expected to have a lasting, positive impact on the offenders who pass through them (Farabee, 2005). In recent years, researchers have largely agreed that rehabilitation could work and identified an array o f effective treatment practices and strategies (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). One major concern among most correctional agencies and policymakers is whether program outcomes can be translated into monetary savings to justify the investment already made and additional spending in the future (Lipton, 1998). Many researchers operated on the assumption that effective correctional programs should improve the social functioning of participating offenders; thus the focus of most studies was to assess whether the anticipated effects existed; and if so, in what form (Andrews Bonta, 1994). Prison-Based vs Community-Based Treatment From 1995 to 2002 the nation’s state prisons population increased by 27%, and the nation’s federal prison population increased by 71% (Ashley, Marsden, Brady, 2003). The growth in the nation’s prison population largely has been due to the increased use of incarceration for drug-related offenses, which also has created an increased demand for appropriate drug treatment programs for men and women within prison settings (Ashley, Marsden, Brady, 2003). Inmate programs have a very positive impact on a correctional facility as well as the individual offenders; learning to read and write, completing a high school equivalency degree, becoming involved in a trade course, and participating in a comprehensive drug program are all important opportunities to offer a convicted offender (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). The therapeutic community (TC) treatment model has been shown to be an effective method of substance abuse treatment, as well as many other TC programs that have been incorporated into American prisons over the past two decades (Bloom, Owen, Covington, 2003). Fairly consistent findings from prison-based treatment evaluations for men have been reported: treatment reduces post-treatment recidivism and drug use; men who continue treatment in the community after release from prison do better than men who do not continue treatment; and length of time in treatment is positively correlated with greater success on parole (Deleon, 2000). Two studies found that women in prison-based treatment had more success on parole compared with a no-treatment group of female inmates (Harrison Beck, 2003). There is substantial evidence empirical evidence that institution programs reduce recidivism (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). Prison-based criminal rehabilitation programs have been found out to be effective in reducing violence and drug use inside the prison Farabee, 2005 A study found that men and women who completed residential treatment followed by outpatient treatment had substantial reductions in drug use and arrests and increased employment, but had a particularly beneficial impact on women (Peters, Strozier, Murrin Kearns, 1997). Numerous intervening issues (racial isolation, low level of education or valuable job skills, positive or negative experiences with the job market, low-risk alternatives to low-paying employment) confuse the unemployment-crime relationship, especially at the individual level of decision making (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). Swelling prison populations and high rates of re-incarceration among parolees stimulated many questions about the potential benefits of committing more public resources to community-based rehabilitation programs (Lipton, 1998). Over the past several years, some states began to commit more resources to community-based correctional services-a movement that stimulated and reinforced interest in program evaluations (Bernfeld, Farrington, Leschied, 2001). Community-based corrections, such as community-based probation centers, offer treatment, and try to create positive changes in offenders’ lives through family and community intervention (Strickland, 2004). Substance Abuse Treatment Chronic drug abusers comprise a large proportion of the inmate population, thus, high rates of recidivism have been linked to continued drug use upon release to the community (Bernfeld, Farrington, Leschied, 2001). Approximately 80% of offenders have used drugs prior to incarceration, and by the time most offenders in the US reach prison, they have been detoxed (Second Chance Program). Many correctional facilities offer alcohol and drug treatment programs for prisoners with histories of addiction; participation in such programs generally requires offenders to identify, hallenge, and attempt to change their frame of mind and behavioral patterns that have led them to their addictive lifestyle (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). A new study finds that providing treatment for substance use disorders to incarcerated individuals reduces the likelihood that they will commit a crime after their release and can be a cost-effective benefit to society (jointogether. org). Research has shown that combi ning criminal justice sanctions with drug treatment can be effective in decreasing drug use and related crime (National Institute on Drug Abuse). National figures indicate that while 80 percent of prison inmates have serious alcohol or drug problems, only 15 percent receive treatment for their substance abuse problems (jointogether. org). Researchers said the findings demonstrate a need to invest in prison-based treatment programs, which showed that untreated drug dependent offenders are likely to return to criminal behavior following release from prison and are responsible for an excessive amount of violent and property crime (jointogether. org). The criminal justice refers drug offenders into treatment through a variety of mechanisms, such as diverting nonviolent offenders to treatment, stipulating treatment as a condition of probation or pretrial release, and convening specialized courts that handle cases for offenses involving drugs (Bernfeld, Farrington, Leschied, 2001). Combining prison-and community-based treatment for drug-addicted offenders reduces the risk of both recidivism to drug-related criminal behavior and relapse to drug use (Deleon, 2000). For those with known drug problems, drug addiction treatment may be recommended or mandated as a condition of probation (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Offenders with drug disorders may encounter a number of treatment options while incarcerated, including didactic drug education classes, self-help programs, and treatment based on therapeutic community or residential milieu therapy models (Farabee, 2005). Among prison-based substance abuse treatment programs, the most commonly evaluated is the therapeutic community (TC). The goal of a TC is to â€Å"habilitate† clients in a holistic fashion, emphasizing personal responsibility; rather than attempting to change offenders through counselor-led, didactic presentations; TC’s rely primarily on the residents themselves to effect change on the individual (Bloom, Owen, Covington, 2003). The TC model has been studied extensively and can be quite effective in reducing drug use and recidivism to criminal behavior (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Research shows that relapse to drug use and recidivism to crime are significantly lower if the drug offender continues treatment after returning to the community (Deleon, 2000). Treatment for incarcerated drug abusers must include continuing care, monitoring, and supervision after release and ruing parole (Bloom, Owen, Covington, 2003). Mental Health Treatment Today society continues to face the challenge of providing proper care for offenders with mental disorders within the growing population of persons under the jurisdiction of the correctional system in the United States (Harris, Trupin, Wood, 1998). Between 1980 and 1995, the number of people incarcerated in jails and prisons more than tripled, increasing from 501,886 to 1,577,845; the incarceration rate also nearly tripled during that time, from about 150 per 100,000 persons in 1980 to more than 400 per 100,000 in 1995 (Farabee, 2005). The rate of mental illness is two to three times higher among those incarcerated in jails and in prisons, than within the general population; a disproportionate number of persons with mental illness are arrested, compared with the general population (Lamb Weinberger, 1998). A recent study found that the offenders with mental illness had a rate of recidivism equivalent to that of a matched control group of non-mentally-ill offenders (Fauteck, 2006). Another study recently reported that the introduction of case management services led to a significant decrease in the recidivism rate of offenders with mental illness, yet another demonstrated that judicially monitored treatment resulted in good outcomes during a one-year follow-up phase (Lamb Weinberger, 1998). Offenders with mental illness are highly likely to have ongoing contact with the criminal justice and correctional systems and that clinical intervention may affect their recidivism rate (Farabee, 2005). To effectively serve this population of mentally ill offenders, a collaborative and proactive approach involving mental health care providers and corrections personnel are clearly needed (Wright, 2007). Community-Based Sexual-Offender Treatment Community-based sexual-offender treatment is a relatively recent innovation largely prompted by recommendations made in response to tragic re-offenses in the community in the last ten years (Bernfeld, Farrington Leschied, 2001). Almost all offenders designated as dangerous offenders are sexual offenders, most of whom have histories of multiple sexual offenses (US Department of Justice, 1998). Within the criminal justice system particularly, high-risk sex offenders are unlikely to achieve conditional release (i. e. , community supervision prior to the end of their sentence) due to the influence of a number of processes (Farabee, 2005). Education Education is one of the ways that can help inmates spent their time in incarceration productively, changing some of their critical aspect of personality. Education is one of the way s in which positive change can be affected among these inmates. Since state prison inmates have an average of eleven years of education, it seems reasonable to assume that providing them with adult basic education will increase their chances of finding employment upon release and, in turn, reduce their likelihood of returning to crime; it also ensures that there is propensity for ex-convicts to return to a life of crime is less, as they are able to secure jobs after their release (Wright, 2007). The NDRI meta-analysis examined the effects of college coursework on recidivism (Farabee, 2005). Education allows offenders to improve and stay relevant to the changing society outside the prison walls. A number of criminal justice alternatives to incarceration have been tried with offenders who have drug disorders, including limited diversion programs, pretrial release conditional on entry into treatment, and conditional probation with sanctions (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Drug courts mandate and arrange for drug addiction treatment, actively monitor progress in treatment, and arrange for other services to drug-involved offenders (Raynor Robinson, 2005). The Treatment Accountability and Safer Communities (TASC) program provides an alternative to incarceration by addressing the multiple needs of drug-addicted offenders in a community-based setting; TASC programs typically include counseling, medical care, parenting instruction, family counseling, school and job training and legal and employment services (Farabee, 2005). Employment While few of us would support a policy that gives offenders jobs, most would agree that providing inmates with the skills and experience they need to ind a job upon release makes sense. Based on a study by Lattimore, Witte, and Baker, inmates assigned to a vocational program were less likely (36 percent) than those in the control group (46 percent) to be re-arrested within two years of release, but by and large most of the more rigorous studies produced mixed results, showing either no significant difference between groups or in at least two studies, slightly higher recidivism among those who received vocati onal education (Garland, 2001). Even though correctional agencies assert that inmate employment is critical to their mission, seventeen state correctional agencies do not maintain employment data on inmates, and forty state agencies have no data on offender income (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). In American culture, employment is conceptualized as a form of â€Å"treatment† intended to prevent an individual disorder known as â€Å"crime† or to cure it once it afflicts us (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). Researchers using aggregate data have been unable to prove a consistent link between employment and crime, and this is due to the fact that crime and recidivism rates, at the aggregate level, have failed to consistently show dramatic declines in times of prosperity (Krienert Fleisher, 2004). Sometimes the inability of inmates to find jobs can be a cause of crime.   Rehabilitation and the role of treatment programs in the correctional system continue to be controversial. Those who have been personally affected by a crime would rather have criminals mutilated, but for them criminal rehabilitation is more effective if we do away with criminals rather than letting them live inside the cages at the taxpayer’s expense. The criminal justice system in the United States has not produced any measurable reductions in recidivism, and to have an impact on this venerable problem requires a dramatic rethinking of what rehabilitation really means. Criminal rehabilitation has many positive benefits that can impact the lives of many inmates as well as their families, as they reintegrate into society.